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This dataset supports the PALMA (Phyto-Aquifer Long-Wave Microclimate Analysis) framework — a comprehensive physics-based system for real-time monitoring of desert oasis ecosystem resilience across seven integrated bio-ecological parameters. DATASET CONTENTS The archive contains 28 years (1998–2026) of observational data from 31 oasis systems across four desert biomes (Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Atacama, Central Asian steppe), organized across three monitoring tiers: - Tier 1 (5 sites): Full instrumentation — piezometer networks, soil EC sensor arrays, 12-level thermocouple profiles, eddy covariance stations, biannual UAV campaigns - Tier 2 (8 sites): Intermediate instrumentation with weekly field monitoring - Tier 3 (18 sites): Satellite-primary monitoring with quarterly field validation TOTAL OBSERVATIONAL RECORDS - 1,247 piezometer records (groundwater level, 15-min intervals, three depths) - 8,943 soil electrical conductivity measurements (four depths: 15, 30, 60, 90 cm) - 14,320 thermal sensor records (12-level thermocouple vertical profiles) - 2,184 satellite image scenes (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9, MODIS — processed to PALMA spectral indices) - 312 standardized biodiversity surveys (plants, birds, soil invertebrates, mammals) - 89 UAV flight missions (RGB+NDVI orthomosaics, FLIR thermal maps) - 31 LiDAR point cloud acquisitions (canopy height models) - 1,847 field ground-truth survey points SEVEN PALMA PARAMETERS 1. ARVC — Aquifer Recharge Velocity Coefficient (piezometer networks, three depths) 2. PTSI — Phyto-Thermal Shielding Index (UAV FLIR thermal + thermocouple arrays) 3. SSSP — Soil Salinity Stress Parameter (Decagon 5TE EC sensors, EC_crit = 8.4 dS/m) 4. CMBF — Canopy Microclimate Buffering Factor (meteorological stations, VPD) 5. SVRI — Spectral Vegetation Resilience Index (Sentinel-2 multi-band composite) 6. WEPR — Water-Energy Partition Ratio (eddy covariance + isotopic water balance) 7. BST — Biodiversity Stability Threshold (Shannon diversity, annual surveys) KEY RESULTS - OHI prediction accuracy: 93.1% (RMSE = 9.8%) - Ecosystem stress detection rate: 97.2% | False alert rate: 2.8% - Mean intervention lead time: 52 days before critical threshold crossings - Field-validated aquifer retention exponent: α = 0.68 ± 0.05 - Mean phyto-thermal shielding: ΔT = 11.4°C (range 8.3–14.7°C) - SSSP–SVRI anti-correlation: ρ = −0.887 (p < 0.001) - ARVC–productivity correlation: r = +0.913 STUDY SITES INCLUDE Draa Valley (Morocco), Tafilalet (Morocco), Al-Ahsa (Saudi Arabia — UNESCO World Heritage), Dunhuang Karez system (China), Al-Fayum (Egypt), Ghardaïa (Algeria), Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan), San Pedro de Atacama (Chile), and 23 additional sites. ASSOCIATED MANUSCRIPT Submitted to: Arid Land Research and Management (Taylor & Francis), March 2026 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18706409 OSF Preregistration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/DXRG6