Patient-, Clinician-, and Institution-level Variation in Intraoperative Antihypertensive Use: A Multicenter Observational Analysis

While patient clinical characteristics were major contributors to antihypertensive infusion use across U.S. institutions, clinician- and institution-level factors also appear to influence practice variation. Such differences highlight the need for evidence-based guidelines and comparative effectiveness research to ground practice, drive quality improvement efforts, and reduce potentially unexplained variation.