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Next-generation mobile networks rely on advanced mechanisms such as seamless handover, logical network slicing, and strict Quality of Service (QoS) enforcement to support latency-sensitive and mission-critical applications. While these mechanisms are central to the design of 5G and anticipated 6G architectures, they also introduce new and often underexplored security weaknesses. This paper analyzes security challenges associated with mobility management, slice isolation, and QoS control in 5G and emerging 6G networks. We examine how shortcomings in handover signaling, shared virtualized infrastructure, and QoS enforcement can be exploited to disrupt service continuity, violate isolation guarantees, and degrade network performance. The analysis highlights realistic attack scenarios, including denial-of-service, cross-slice interference, and control-plane manipulation, and evaluates how current standards and deployment practices address—or fail to address—these threats. Based on these findings, the paper identifies open research challenges and outlines architectural and protocol-level directions for improving resilience without undermining performance or scalability. The study underscores the necessity of integrating security considerations directly into the design of mobility, slicing, and QoS mechanisms as mobile networks evolve toward 6G.