Advance in Technology and Artificial Intelligence for Managing Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

Common sleep-related respiratory disorders with serious health and social repercussions include primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Alternative device-based therapies have emerged as a result of poor adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which is still the standard of care. Although they have little effect on sleep architecture, mandibular advancement devices (MADs), the most popular oral appliances, have been demonstrated to widen the upper airway, lower the apnoea–hypopnea index (AHI), and enhance quality of life. Similar advantages are provided by tongue retention devices (TRDs), however patient tolerance is poor. While nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (nEPAP) offers expiratory resistance that splints the airway and lessens collapsibility in certain individuals, nasal dilators can only subjectively alleviate nasal blockage with negligible objective benefit. By avoiding supine sleep, positional treatment devices (PTDs) help treat positional OSA, and more recent vibrotactile systems enhance monitoring and adherence. While hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) is a well-established surgical option for patients who are intolerant to CPAP and has shown strong efficacy in reducing the severity of OSA, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a newer technique that aims to strengthen pharyngeal muscles to reduce collapsibility. All things considered, these device-based treatments are beneficial supplements to or substitutes for CPAP, and cautious patient selection is still necessary to optimise treatment results.