Simple and Economical Carbonization of Yerba Mate Stems Using a Self-Built Oven

The conversion of plant biomass into charcoal is an effective strategy for adding value to agricultural by-products. However, carbonization processes carried out in low-cost, self-built kilns have been rarely studied with scientific rigor. This study demonstrates that an economical oven, designed and built with readily available materials, can efficiently carbonize yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) stems. Experimental evidence is presented on the simplicity of the oven's construction and the carbonization process, the charcoal obtained is characterized, and quantitative data confirming the low cost of the procedure are provided. The results support the technical and economic viability of transforming plant biomass into a higher-value product through a simple, accessible, and low-cost process.