Unraveling the microbiomes contributing to biodeterioration dynamics of limestone heritage at the Longmen Grottoes archeological site

We revealed that cyanobacteria, as the main organic carbon producer, support the development of microbiomes that drive the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Importantly, corrosion of minerals by microbial acids through ammonia oxidation and nitrification is the main consequence of the biodeterioration dynamics. Our findings will provide a basis for sustainable conservation of outdoor stone heritage from microbially induced biodeterioration. Video Abstract.