Cardiovascular and bone health comorbidities in epilepsy

Epilepsy is a multisystem disorder that encompasses cardiovascular disease and skeletal fragility. Although formal guidelines are currently lacking, clinicians should consider integrating cardiovascular screening, rational ASM selection, and proactive bone-health surveillance into routine epilepsy management. Research should focus on longitudinal, mechanistic, and interventional studies to improve cardiovascular and bone health and to validate emerging screening and management guidelines to improve overall health in epilepsy.