Phenotypic and Genotypic Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to Bendiocarb and Permethrin insecticide in Kakamega County, western Kenya

There is widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vectors within Kakamega County, with Anopheles arabiensis being the most prevalent species in the County. The detection of bendiocarb possible resistance in An. arabiensis across all sites and resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. suggests a challenge for vector control. The low frequency of the G119S ace-1R mutation indicates that resistance may be due to metabolic rather than target-site mechanisms.