Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a non-invasive tool for assessing brain and muscle adaptation to exercise training in older age: a scoping review into existing research

Despite limited guidance on methods and biomarkers, this scoping review supports MRS as a promising tool for monitoring exercise-induced metabolic changes in muscle and brain of older adults. However, standardized methodologies and larger number of studies are required to determine which metabolites reliably reflect exercise benefits in aging brain and muscle.