The utility of fibroblast co-culture for the maintenance of episomes in human papillomavirus-associated cancer models

Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HPV+ HNSCCs) lack early diagnostics and continue to rise in incidence. HPV16 has been detected in ~90% of HPV+ oropharyngeal cancers (HPV+ OPCs), an anatomical subset of HNSCC, with the majority retaining episomal viral genomes. Despite this, existing episomal HPV16+ OPC cell lines are especially scarce. UMSCC104s were initially reported as episomal; however, the literature contains conflicting reports regarding the genome status of these cells. We now show that UMSCC104s rapidly undergo integration and E2 loss under standard monoculture, and later lots are fully integrated. These findings resolve prior discrepancies and underscore the instability of episomes in monoculture. Accurate models of HPV-driven cancers are critically needed. We propose fibroblast co-culture methods, traditionally utilized for HPV+ keratinocyte models, as a strategy to preserve episomal status in cancer models by supporting viral and host genome stability.