Towards a multilevel modelling framework for coproducing feasible and equitable portfolios of land-based climate mitigation technologies

Abstract Land-based mitigation technologies and practices (LMTs) are central to climate policy scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 °C and ideally 1.5 °C by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and enhancing carbon dioxide removals from the atmosphere. Reliable estimates of their mitigation potential are essential for informing climate policies across spatial scales and governance levels. However, assessments must move beyond maximum technical potential to account for environmental constraints, social equity, competing land uses and barriers to large-scale deployment. We argue for an analytical framework that integrates numerical modelling with stakeholder engagement in integrated transdisciplinary analyses. This approach enables equitable coproduction of knowledge and supports a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between social and environmental processes that shape the implementation and governance of LMTs, thereby improving their realistic contribution to climate change mitigation and broader socioeconomic objectives.