Integrated humoral and inflammatory signatures predict outcomes in severe <scp>COVID</scp> ‐19: a 14‐day longitudinal analysis

Integrated humoral and inflammatory signatures, particularly early IgM anti-N/anti-RBD responses and sequential increases in IFN-γ, TNF-α, FGF-basic, CXCL8, CCL4, CXCL10 and G-CSF, highlight immune signatures associated with poor outcomes. IL-13 and coordinated antibody interactions may reflect protective immune pathways. These findings highlight the prognostic value of multidimensional immune monitoring in severe COVID-19.