Towards Civil–Military Synergy in National Security Governance: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal

This study investigates the challenges and opportunities of integrating military leadership into Nepal’s civilian governance structures, focusing on the period from 2015 to 2024. Grounded in Network Governance Theory, Civil‑Military Relations Theories, and Realism, the research employed a pragmatic mixed‑methods approach. Data was collected using key informant interviews (KIIs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and semi‑structured surveys among policymakers, military leaders, and national security experts. The study identifies legal‑institutional gaps, political resistance, and trust deficits as key barriers, while pointing to opportunities in strategic education, leadership development, and defense diplomacy. The article concludes that a structured, democratically accountable integration can significantly enhance national security outcomes .