Minimally invasive cervical spine stabilization: A multicenter study of completely percutaneous pedicle screw-rod instrumentation

Minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw-rod instrumentation with 3D navigation achieves high accuracy and safety comparable to open techniques. In the majority of cases, the technique supplemented anterior fusion for additional stability, but it may also serve as posterior-only instrumentation for in tumor-related osteolysis or traumatic injuries. Mid-cervical levels remain particularly challenging and require heightened vigilance.