Reference values for gait speed, five-times-sit-to-stand test, balance, and handgrip strength: analysis of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Simple performance-based tests such as gait speed, the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), balance tests, and handgrip strength are associated with health outcomes. We aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference (normative) values for these tests in the English population. Adults aged ≥ 50 years (female n = 4,234; male n = 3,424) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were included. Weighted percentiles ranging from the 5th to the 95th percentile [P5-95] were calculated. Best gait speed performance was found among 60-64-year-olds (female P5-95: 0.54-1.46 m/s; male P5-95: 0.60-1.56 m/s) and the worst among ≥ 85-year-olds (female P5-95: 0.23-0.98 m/s; male P5-95: 0.26-1.05 m/s). Best FTSST performance was found among 50-54- and 55-59-year-olds (female P5-95: 15.6-5.6 s; male P5-95: 14.1-5.5 s) and the worst among ≥ 85-year-olds (female P5-95: 26.3-9.8 s; male P5-95: 23.4-8.6 s). Balance tests showed variable age patterns; however, performance in single-leg balance with eyes closed was best among the youngest available age group and worst among the oldest available age group. The highest handgrip strength (standing position) was found among 50-54- and 55-59-year-olds (female P5-95: 15-38 kg; male P5-95: 32-58 kg) and lowest among ≥ 85-year-olds (female P5-95: 9-24 kg; male P5-95: 19-38 kg), with a similar pattern for the sitting testing position. These values can serve as a benchmark for clinical assessment, guide interventions, and support future research on physical function and healthy ageing.