Economic and Environmental Assessment of Optimized PV System Sizing and Vehicle-to-Building Integration

Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) integration has gained attention for its potential to reduce electricity costs and carbon emissions when combined with photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, few studies have addressed the practical needs of decision-makers, particularly in determining the optimal PV system size from both economic and environmental perspectives. To address this gap, we developed a simulator that identifies optimal PV system size and generates the V2B charge/discharge profiles using a statistical electric vehicle (EV) behavior model. Simulation results show that V2B enables the installation of larger PV capacity hence enhancing renewable energy utilization. We evaluated two installation cases economically and environmentally; the case of planning PV sizing and V2B installation simultaneously performs better in the long term, achieving lower system life cost and emissions. In contrast, adding V2B after initial PV sizing is more costeffective in the short term, offering an earlier payback period. These findings provide practical guidance for strategic V2B adoption and PV planning.