Smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for colonic diverticulosis and its complications: Systematic review and meta-analysis

This meta-analysis suggests an association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and increased risk of CD. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of CD and diverticular bleeding. The relationship between alcohol consumption and diverticular disease requires further investigation. Future research should explore the mechanisms by which these factors influence the development of CD to understand and inform public health recommendations.