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Background: Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, presents a comprehensive understanding of mental processes long before the formal emergence of modern psychology. Unlike contemporary psychology, which largely focuses on cognitive, behavioural, and neurobiological mechanisms, Ayurveda conceptualizes the mind (Manas) within a holistic framework integrating body (Sharira), soul (Atma), and consciousness. Objective: This review aims to explore and synthesize classical Ayurvedic concepts related to psychology and to analyze their relevance in light of modern psychological understanding. Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya were reviewed along with contemporary scholarly articles on Ayurvedic psychology. Conceptual analysis was conducted to identify key constructs related to mind, personality, mental health, and therapy. Results: Ayurveda conceptualizes psychology through constructs such as Manas, Triguna (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas), Tridosha, Prakriti, and Satvavajaya Chikitsa. Mental health is described as a state of equilibrium among these components. Disturbances lead to Manasika Vikara (mental disorders). Ayurvedic psychotherapy emphasizes cognitive restraint, ethical living, and lifestyle regulation. Conclusion: Ayurvedic psychology presents a holistic biopsychospiritual model of mental functioning. Its preventive and therapeutic approaches offer valuable insights for integrative mental health research.