Antibacterial Effects of Nanobubble Water and Its Potential Application in Healthcare-associated Infection Control

NBW generated using relatively safe and inexpensive gases (excluding ozone, which is known to be cytotoxic) exerts reproducible antibacterial activity against diverse bacterial species, including resistant strains. However, its lack of rapid disinfectant action suggests that NBW is better suited for long-term immersion rather than short-contact disinfection. These findings support NBW as a potential safer and cost-effective strategy for immersion-based infection control and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance.