Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among adults with glaucoma at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Glaucoma is identified as one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Its chronic nature and the potential for irreversible vision loss contribute to significant distress among affected individuals. Around 25% of individuals with glaucoma are estimated to experience depression, negatively impacting their quality of life and treatment adherence. However, data on the prevalence of depression among people with glaucoma in Tanzania is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among adults with glaucoma at Muhimbili National Hospital. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 297 adults with glaucoma, who were recruited consecutively from the ophthalmology clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital between July and November 2024. Data on biopsychosocial factors were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires and medical records. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Oslo Social Support Scale assessed depressive symptoms and social support, respectively. Data were analyzed using STATA version 16. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with probable depression, with statistical significance set at p-value<0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 63.6 years (SD±12.8), with 159 (53.5%) being female. Prevalence of probable depression was 11.1%, with 8.7% moderate, 2.4% moderately severe, and none reporting severe depressive symptoms. Having moderate social support (AOR 0.14; CI: 0.04–0.47; P=0.001) and strong social support (AOR 0.08; CI: 0.03–0.25; P<0.000) were significantly associated with lower odds of probable depression. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 10 individuals with glaucoma experience depression. Having good social support was identified as a protective factor against depression in people with glaucoma. These findings underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach integrating psychosocial services into ophthalmology clinics.