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The present study sought to understand the relationship between complex, multifaceted risk factors of substance use, including childhood maltreatment and coping strategies, and how they vary across gender and mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, trauma, and quality of life. A sample of 257 treatment seeking individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder completed the following measures: the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Drug Use Disorder Identification Test, BEM Sex Role Inventory, World Health Organization Quality of Life, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. A latent profile analysis demonstrated that a four-profile model best fit the data, resulting in High Abuse, Low Emotional and Physical Abuse, High Emotional and Physical Abuse, and Low Coping profiles. No gender or substance use disorder severity differences were found between profiles. The High Abuse and High Emotional and Physical Abuse profiles had significantly worse mental health outcomes than the other profiles. In summary, within a sample of participants with a substance use disorder diagnosis, three of four latent profiles endorsed similar coping strategies. Further, profiles with higher levels of childhood maltreatment also reported worse mental health outcomes including, depression, trauma, and quality of life. These results may indicate that experience of childhood maltreatment is most useful to stratify individuals in clinical settings, particularly given that these profiles differed on key mental health outcomes. Gender identity and gender role differences were not indicated between profiles or outcomes. Areas for future research are discussed.