Population Pharmacokinetics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Penetration of Intravenous Vancomycin in Intracranial Hemorrhage Patients with External Ventricular Drains: Implications for Dosing and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting real-world data of vancomycin CSF penetration in Taiwanese neurosurgical patients. These findings provide a critical PK foundation for developing future model-informed precision dosing strategies and validating surrogate TDM markers in this neurocritical care population.