Cross-Protocol Experimental Assessment of BLE and RFID Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are core protocols in modern IoT systems. Despite their popularity, both remain exposed to low-cost attacks that affect communication reliability and device integrity. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of BLE and RFID vulnerabilities using commodity hardware under real life test conditions. We measure the practical impact of BLE advertising floods, HID over GATT exploits, and replay attacks in RFID systems across different operating systems. The experiments reveal clear stability thresholds, persistent legacy risks, and comparable disruption patterns between short-range technologies. The results show that it is possible to create low-cost, reproducible setups that can effectively expose systemic weaknesses in IoT connectivity and inform the design of more resilient protocols.