A 22nm 96Mb 50.6-to-90.2TFLOPS/W Non-Linear MLC ReRAM CIM Macro with High-Retention for Mamba/Transformer/CNN

We present a DTCO-designed high-retention multi-mode ReRAM nvCIM macro supporting linear MLC (L-MLC), non-linear MLC (NL-MLC), and SLC modes for Mamba, Transformer, and CNN workloads, addressing key challenges in inference accuracy, energy, and readout robustness. The proposed macro incorporates: 1) a reconfigurable compute mode for accuracy/efficiency tradeoff, 2) ISE-HF encoding to enhance input sparsity and save energy, 3) an S<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>R-Db ADC that enables high-yield, low-power NL-MLC readout. The design achieves 50.6-to-90.2TFLOPS/W (BF16) with ImageNet accuracy loss that is 79.17% lower than L-MLC after 10 years of retention.