Controlled tissue restoration by laser creating microdefects

The paper presents an approach to laser treatment for a wide range of conditions using laser tissue modification through non-ablative thermomechanical action and the creation of microdefects, including gas bubbles, microcracks, micropores, and denatured micro zones. Microdefects can be temporary or permanent and control the physicochemical and mechanical properties of tissues, facilitating their modification aimed at restoring the compliance of calcified arteries and regenerating damaged articular cartilage. Microdefects and thermomechanical effects promote stress relaxation and intercellular interactions through the generation and transfer of signaling molecules, thereby regulating cellular nutrition and metabolism. A theoretical model has been developed based on a sequence of processes, including tissue heating under spatiotemporally modulated laser radiation, local rupture of chemical bonds leading to the formation of microdefects and thermomechanical stresses. Backscattered light measurements are used to monitor the formation of microdefects to develop a real-time feedback system to ensure the effectiveness and safety of laser therapy.