Khat chewing, poly-substance use, and lower urinary tract symptoms: a cross-sectional analysis among Yemeni medical university students

Among this sample of Yemeni university students, khat chewing demonstrated a strong, dose-dependent association with more severe LUTS. This association was markedly amplified by the co-use of caffeine-containing beverages. While the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, these findings highlight a potential public health concern and underscore the need for longitudinal studies and clinical awareness of urological symptoms in khat-chewing populations.