Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigens via TLR4/2-dependent mechanisms

CMS enhances influenza antigen immunogenicity by promoting TLR4/2-dependent DC activation, inflammatory signaling, and improved antigen presentation. These findings define the mechanistic basis of CMS adjuvanticity and support its development as a promising adjuvant platform for next-generation influenza vaccines targeting emerging pandemic strains.