Debt Counseling: The Challenges of Implementation Directive (EU) 2023/2225 within the Romanian Social Services Landscape

This article examines the emerging role of debt counseling within Romania’s social services in the context of Directive (EU) 2023/2225. Over-indebtedness is increasingly recognized across Europe as both an economic and a social risk, with significant implications for mental health, family stability, and social inclusion. Building on a comparative review of European good practice in France, Germany, and Ireland, together with a case study conducted in Cluj County, the paper explores the necessity, feasibility, and institutional implications of introducing debt counseling into Romania’s welfare architecture. Empirical data were collected through a county-wide survey addressed to professionals working in community-based social services. Findings reveal a broad professional consensus: 93% of respondents consider debt counseling not merely useful but essential in supporting vulnerable families to manage their financial resources and avoid long-term exclusion. Respondents identified multiple sources of financial distress, ranging from high-cost loans and credit unions to informal borrowing and limited fiscal literacy. At the same time, they emphasized the need for specialized training and the development of a clear legal and institutional framework. The article argues that debt counseling should not be seen as an optional service but as a core obligation of modern social protection. Policy recommendations include the official recognition of the function, the creation of a national training curriculum, pilot projects for gradual implementation, and inter-sectoral partnerships. Romania has the opportunity to turn a European legal requirement into a national commitment to social solidarity and resilience.