Comparative Analysis of Apron Capacity with the Progressive Introduction of Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft

Aviation is currently facing one of its greatest challenges: reconciling growing traffic demand with the need to drastically reduce climate-altering emissions. Hydrogen has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to decarbonize air transport. However, it poses significant challenges related to cryogenic storage, safety, and the adaptation of the airport infrastructure. Aprons represent a critical issue, as the increased volume of fuel tanks and different refueling protocols directly impact airport operational capacity. This research fits within this framework by analyzing a Code 4E Italian airport over three time horizons: 2025, with an all-kerosene fleet; 2035, with a 25% penetration of hydrogen-powered class A and B aircraft; and 2045, with a further increase in the hydrogen share (75% class A and B and 15% class C). The study evaluates apron capacity using fast-time simulation and compares the outcomes with an analytical model. The results show good consistency between theoretical and simulated capacity. The 2035 and 2045 scenarios with the introduction of hydrogen-powered aircraft show a reduction in apron capacity between 16% and 5% compared to conventional scenarios.