Expansion of IL-2-independent tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes through a feeder-free process: a preclinical study for solid tumors

The feasibility of a feeder-free, low-dose IL-2 TIL expansion system was demonstrated. PD-1 blockade significantly enhanced antitumor activity and treatment tolerability, thus supporting its promise as an alternative to high-dose IL-2. HCQ demonstrated potential immunomodulatory effects, although its <i>in vivo</i> benefit was minimal. This strategy warrants further clinical evaluation in solid tumors.