Key technological challenges and systemic solutions for lunar base energy systems designed for long-term deployment needs

The Moon exhibits extreme environmental characteristics such as prolonged day-night cycle, large temperature fluctuations, high vacuum, and intense radiation, significantly limiting the applicability of traditional building thermal engineering and energy design methods in this environment. These environmental characteristics pose severe challenges to the thermal performance of lunar base buildings and the stability and safety of their energy systems. Therefore, this paper explores the key technical challenges and primary solutions in the construction of energy systems for long-term lunar habitats. It proposes that by advancing research on precise prediction technologies for building and equipment loads in lunar bases, key technologies for efficient energy storage and photovoltaic power generation, as well as the construction and optimization of multi-energy synergistic energy systems for lunar bases, the autonomy and reliability of lunar energy systems can be enhanced, thereby ensuring the sustained operation of future lunar bases.