In-vitro comparative study of provisional crown and bridge materials fabricated via 3D printing, milling and traditional techniques

Despite widespread clinical use of provisional crown and bridge restorations, there is a significant gap in comparative evidence regarding the influence of different fabrication techniques (3D printing, CAD/CAM milling and conventional methods) on their mechanical and marginal performance. This in vitro study systematically compares key properties of provisional restorations fabricated using these three techniques to generate objective, standardized data for clinical evaluation. The findings provide evidence-based insight into the relative advantages of digital fabrication methods, particularly CAD/CAM milling, in terms of predictability and durability. This study advances the knowledge by offering clinicians clearer guidance on selecting the most reliable approach for provisional restorations.