Human papillomavirus-encoded microRNAs: key regulators in cervical cancer development

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause diverse cutaneous and mucosal diseases, with several genotypes strongly associated with cervical cancer. Beyond the well-established role of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene regulation, increasing evidence shows that HPV also encodes its own viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs). These v-miRNAs modulate both viral and host gene expression, influencing key pathways involved in oncogenesis, including cell cycle control, apoptosis, immune evasion, and epithelial - mesenchymal transition. By shaping these regulatory networks, HPV-derived miRNAs promote viral persistence and contribute to malignant transformation. Their stability and specificity also make them promising biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis and prognosis, although clinical translation remains challenging. This review provides an updated overview of HPV-encoded miRNAs, their validated molecular targets, and their roles in tumour development. It also highlights emerging therapeutic strategies and future perspectives for integrating miRNA-based approaches into precision oncology for HPV-related cervical cancer.