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Student dropout in higher education remains a critical issue with far-reaching consequences for students, institutions, and society. This study aims to identify and analyse the criteria influencing student dropout and to propose strategies for improving student retention. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, combined with thematic analysis, to synthesise recent research on academic, financial, behavioural, and personal university climate factors, as well as student attitude factors contributing to dropout. The findings indicate that dropout is a multidimensional and multicausal problem, affected by academic performance, financial challenges, psychological wellbeing, social integration, and institutional environment. Measurable factors, such as grades and attendance, can be used in predictive models and adaptive learning systems, while non-measurable factors, including motivation, engagement, and personal circumstances, inform the targeted student support system model. The study highlights the importance of early identification of at-risk students, holistic support programs, and the integration of both objective and subjective data to enhance student retention. Implementing these strategies can reduce dropout rates, improve student wellbeing, and support sustainable development in higher education. Future research should consider contextual differences across countries and explore adaptive, data-informed support systems to mitigate dropout risks further.