The cardio-pulmonary renal triad of dyspnea, functional impairment and organ dysfunction - A co-relational study

Hypertension-related renal and pulmonary impairments are often under-recognized and this study addresses the need to evaluate their combined association in Indian adults. In this cross-sectional observational study, 300 hypertensive and 300 non-hypertensive participants (30–80 years) were assessed for hematologic, renal indices and spirometry parameters. Hypertensive individuals showed significantly impaired renal function (lower eGFR, higher UACR, higher creatinine and increased CKD prevalence) and reduced pulmonary function (lower FEV₁, FVC and higher restrictive pattern prevalence). Multivariable regression confirmed hypertension as an independent predictor of renal dysfunction, albuminuria, CKD, reduced spirometry values and restrictive ventilatory pattern (all p < 0.05). This study advances knowledge by strengthening evidence for integrated cardio–reno–pulmonary screening in hypertensive patients, enabling earlier detection and targeted intervention.