Comparison of air and ground insecticide coverage and duration of control for navel orangeworm ( <scp> <i>Amyelois transitella</i> </scp> Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in California tree nuts

The focus of this study on contact toxicity is the first step toward establishing a baseline for this route of exposure in tree nuts, and additional baselines are needed for adulticidal and ovi-larvicidal activity. Air application was capable of providing high initial mortality but its duration needs to be extended. Improving coverage and application timing will become more important as California phases out the use of synthetic insecticides and makes the transition to insecticides solely dependent on ingestion toxicity. Published 2026. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.