A web-based augmented reality system for orthodontic biomechanics: perceived usability and acceptability among dental students

The orthodontic biomechanics of tooth movement form the foundation of orthodontics and is essential for successful treatment outcomes. However, the traditional teaching method faces challenges, such as the complexity of concepts and difficulties in explaining three-dimensional (3D) tooth movement. To address these challenges, a web-based augmented reality (AR) system for orthodontic biomechanics (WAR Orthobiomechanics) was developed as a blended learning tool. To evaluate the user satisfaction and behavioural intention of the WAR Orthobiomechanics system. A total of 56 undergraduate dental students from Years 3 to 5 at three institutions in Malaysia participated in this study. The System Usability Scale (SUS) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were employed to assess participants’ perceived usability and acceptability. Data were collected between July and August 2023 and analysed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, and Pearson correlation analyses. Both SUS and TAM indicated positive user experiences. The overall SUS score was 68.97 ± 12.87 (moderate to good). The TAM showed satisfactory acceptability with a mean score of 76.92 ± 13.22. Pearson correlation analyses showed a moderate positive association between SUS and the overall TAM score (r = 0.493, p < 0.01), indicating concurrent validity between perceived usability and technology acceptance. The web-based AR system demonstrated acceptable usability and positive student acceptability in supporting the learning of orthodontic biomechanics. The evaluation results indicate that the system is feasible as a supplementary instructional tool.