Innovative design and comprehensive characterization of electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen scaffolds for advanced bone regeneration: Integrating mechanical, biological, and morphological insights

Composite nanofibers of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen (PVA/CMC/Col) were successfully fabricated using the electrospinning method, incorporating various proportions of each component. These nanofibers were meticulously characterized using advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical testing, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of their structural and functional properties. The resulting nanofibers displayed a uniaxial structure with mean diameters ranging from 224 to 408 nm, showcasing precise control over the electrospinning process. The results revealed a direct correlation between material composition and performance, with the PCC5 formulation emerging as the optimal sample. This was evidenced by FTIR and TGA data, which confirmed that an increased collagen concentration led to a more integrated polymer network with enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bonding and superior thermal stability. Furthermore, mechanical testing demonstrated that the PCC5 sample exhibited the highest tensile strength, solidifying the link between chemical composition and robust physical properties. The biocompatibility of the nanofibers was rigorously evaluated through in vitro testing on MG-63 osteoblast-like cells using the MTT assay. The results revealed excellent compatibility with the cellular environment, with the PCC5 sample consistently promoting the highest rates of cell adhesion and proliferation. This study underscores the groundbreaking potential of PVA/CMC/Col nanofibers in the field of bone tissue engineering, as their optimized blend of physical and biological properties makes them a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications. This research paves the way for future advancements in regenerative medicine, offering a robust platform for further exploration and innovation.