Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth Performance, Economic Yield, and Berberine Content of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i>

This study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth performance, economic yield and berberine content of Tinospora cordifolia L. (Giloy). The combined application of farmyard manure (5 t ha −1 ) and vermicompost (2.5 t ha −1 ) resulted in significant improvements in all growth and yield parameters compared with the unfertilized control. Between 30 and 180 days after the start of the experiment (DASE), plants receiving this treatment consistently exhibited the highest shoot growth, leaf production, and berberine accumulation. The combination farmyard manure (5 t ha −1 ) and vermicompost (2.5 t ha −1 ) increased the number of leaves (64.1%), fresh (167.6%) and dry (157.4%) leaf weight, stem length (38.3%), fresh (172.2%) and dry (233.3%) stem weight, as well as total fresh (166.5%) and dry yield (427.7%) by sevral‐fold, relative to the control. Berberine concentration in both leaves and stems was also significantly increase. These results demonstrate that integrating farmyard manure with vermicompost not only improves growth and yield but also enhances the pharmaceutical quality of T. cordifolia , supporting its adoption as a sustainable cultivation practice.