Food, Health, Nutrition, Energy and Environment ( <scp>FHNEE</scp> ) Security Nexus: Future Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

ABSTRACT World agriculture faces several challenges that include an increase in population, rising incidences of chronic human diseases, zoonosis, malnutrition, rapid depletion of fossil fuels, increasing environmental pollution, land use changes, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and above all, global warming and climate change. These interconnected issues give rise to five critical and interdependent global security challenges: food security, health security, nutrition security, energy security, and environmental (FHNNE) security. Global warming and climate change affect all these insecurities and interconnect them strongly, and so these challenges cannot be addressed in isolation due to their complex interrelationships, forming what is termed the FHNEE security nexus. We elucidate here on the multifaceted nature of these interconnected challenges, examining their individual and collective impacts, and propose potential strategies of designed agriculture for mitigating their effects and fostering a more sustainable future through developing designed cultivars and adopting designed crop production methods.