Micro-Computed Tomography as a Tool for Assessing Bone Loss Related to Experimental Periodontal Disease: A Review

Background: With continuous advancements in equipment and reconstruction algorithms, micro-CT has become increasingly accessible and essential for scientific research and industrial applications. Its ability to provide detailed quantitative and qualitative data reinforces its importance in material characterization and technological development. Aims: This study aimed to review recent research employing micro-CT to assess bone loss in animal models of periodontitis, exploring its applicability in measuring parameters such as bone volume (BV), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), connectivity, and the cementoenamel junction to alveolar bone crest distance (CEJ-ABC). Methodology: Articles published during the last five years were selected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, focusing on studies written in English that used experimental rodent models. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that micro-CT enables precise assessment of bone resorption under various systemic conditions, pharmacological therapies, alternative interventions, and genetic modifications. Models combining chronic stress, metabolic syndrome, antibiotic use, probiotics, antipsychotics, and immunomodulatory compounds highlighted the versatility of micro-CT in detecting bone alterations. Additionally, the application of artificial intelligence, including deep learning algorithms, has enhanced accuracy and efficiency in volumetric analysis. The present review also incorporated unpublished data from an ongoing study showing the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on bone volume preservation in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. The methodology included image reconstruction using NRecon, standardization with DataViewer, three-dimensional analysis in CTAn, and 3D rendering with CTvox. These procedures enabled precise segmentation of the region of interest (ROI) and detailed measurement of bone loss. The review emphasizes that micro-CT provides essential morphological and quantitative information to advance periodontal research, particularly due to its high resolution, reproducibility, and ability to integrate structural and functional data. Conclusion: It is concluded that micro-computed tomography represents an indispensable tool for analyzing bone structure in periodontitis studies, significantly contributing to the development of more effective and personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.