Fungal Diseases of Cotton in Pakistan: Trends, Threats, and Strategic Interventions for Sustainable Management

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a vital cash crop and a foundational pillar of Pakistan’s economy, particularly for its textile sector. Despite being among the top cotton producers globally, the country’s cotton yields are persistently hampered by fungal diseases. These pathogens significantly affect cotton throughout its growth stages, resulting in considerable yield losses, fiber degradation, and economic setbacks. This document describes the past and present scenario of cotton fungal diseases in Pakistan, detailing key pathogens, their epidemiology, and transmission. Additionally, the present work integrates recent findings, describes the integrated disease management strategies, examines technical developments, and discusses prevailing challenges. The paper is aimed to outline strategic suggestions for the reduction of disease effects and ensuring the long-term sustainability of Pakistani cotton production.