Climatology and trends of extreme precipitation in France: evaluation of an explicit-convection regional climate model

Abstract. Climate change is intensifying the global water cycle, with extreme precipitation events increasing in frequency and intensity at the global scale. While trends in daily precipitation extremes are well-documented, sub-daily extremes—critical for flash flood risk—remain poorly characterized, due to limited long-term sub-daily observations. Convection-permitting models explicitly resolve deep convection and therefore offer the potential for a substantially improved representation of convective processes and short-duration precipitation extremes. This study evaluates the ability of the convection-permitting regional climate model AROME (2.5 km resolution, 1959–2022), forced by ERA5 reanalysis, to reproduce precipitation extremes and their trends, at daily and hourly scales, using a dense network of Météo-France stations. Using extreme value theory (GEV modeling), we analyze trends in 10-year return levels for both daily (1959–2022) and hourly (1990–2022) extremes. At the daily scale, AROME reproduces observed positive trends in southeastern France, consistent with previous studies. Hourly trends are more heterogeneous and less robust, with high spatial variability and low model-observation correlation. Overall, the results highlight the added value of the explicit-convection model for extreme precipitation studies while underscoring its limitations for convective extremes.