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The purpose of the study was to identify the specific features of the functioning of musical symbols in traditional culture as a factor contributing to the preservation of cultural identity. The research strategy involved analysing musical instruments, vocal genres, and ritual actions in the context of the symbolic load they carry in various historical and socio-cultural environments. In the course of the study, the functional roles of traditional musical accompaniment in rituals of different regions of Ukraine were studied, and a comparison of the meanings of musical symbols in the cultural practices of Greece, Ireland, and Japan was investigated. It was established that in the Ukrainian tradition, music not only accompanied the rite, but also formed a separate semiotic system, in which each instrument and melodic structure acted as a means of communication with the natural and sacred world. The analysis of compositional practice pointed to the use of rhythmic and intonation formulas of folklore origin in modern symphonic, vocal-choral, and instrumental works, which confirms the continuity of the musical tradition. Comparative analysis with Greek, Celtic, and Japanese samples showed similarities in the interpretation of music as an ethical, sacred, and social marker. The results of the study are of practical importance for the development of cultural policy, artistic paradigm, preservation of intangible heritage, and development of intercultural communication through musical symbols.