Association of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Female Reproductive Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study on the Mediating Role of Circulating Metabolites

This study provides genetically informed evidence supporting a potential causal role of smoking-related behaviors in female reproductive disorders. By identifying circulating metabolites as mediators, our findings reveal novel pathways linking smoking to gynecological disease risk and highlight metabolic dysregulation as a clinically relevant target for risk stratification and integrated smoking prevention or cessation strategies.