Advances in Neuroimaging – Bridging Diagnostics in Neurology and Neurosurgery Authors Subash Kumar

Neuroimaging has evolved from a purely structural diagnostic modality into an integrative, intelligence-augmented platform central to modern neurology and neurosurgery. This chapter explores the technological and conceptual transformation of neuroimaging, emphasizing its expanding role in precision diagnostics, treatment planning, and outcome prediction. Foundational imaging modalities—including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—are discussed in the context of acute neurological emergencies and comprehensive structural assessment. Advanced techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), functional MRI (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and hybrid PET-MRI are examined for their contributions to stroke evaluation, neuro-oncology, epilepsy surgery, and white matter tract visualization. The chapter further highlights neurosurgical applications of intraoperative MRI, neuronavigation systems, tractography, and functional brain mapping, underscoring their role in maximizing resection while preserving eloquent brain regions. Emerging trends in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and radiomics are analyzed as transformative tools enabling quantitative imaging biomarkers, automated lesion detection, molecular prediction, and personalized treatment strategies. By integrating structural, functional, metabolic, and computational imaging paradigms, modern neuroimaging serves as a collaborative bridge between neurology and neurosurgery, fostering interdisciplinary precision care and shaping the future of neuroscientific practice.