Personalized medicine in triple-negative breast cancer: combining neoantigen vaccination and genomic profiling in a patient undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy

This case highlights the potential of integrating precision oncology for TNBC patients undergoing NAC by identifying inherited cancer risks, detecting actionable mutations, and developing personalized neoantigen-based immunotherapies. The observation of immune responses to both vaccine and non-vaccine neoantigens raises the possibility of epitope spreading, though this finding requires cautious interpretation due to pre-existing immune responses. As a single-patient case study, these results remain preliminary and must be validated in larger cohorts.