Factors influencing diagnostic discrepancy between preoperative transthoracic echocardiography and cardiovascular angiography in patent ductus arteriosus intervention: a multicenter retrospective study

Nearly half of pediatric PDA cases show clinically relevant TTE-angiography discordance, particularly in patients with tubular morphology, small size, prematurity, or systemic abnormalities. These factors should prompt cautious interpretation of TTE and consideration of intraoperative angiographic confirmation to optimize device selection and procedural success.