Mass, Energy, and Information: Towards a Unified Equivalence Principle

Abstract Einstein’s relation E=mc2 established the equivalence of mass and energy. Recent developments in statistical mechanics, information theory, and cosmology suggest that information itself may also be considered a physical entity, deeply intertwined with energy and mass. This paper explores the thermodynamic relation between entropy, energy, and temperature, and extends it to an information–energy equivalence. We discuss implications for Landauer’s principle, the Bekenstein bound, and cosmological models of entropy growth.