Neurophysiological mechanisms of embodied empathy in martial arts

Martial arts are increasingly recognized as practices that extend far beyond the development of martial-related physical skills and are commonly used for recreational and even therapeutic purposes. A central construct that is developed in all forms of martial arts is empathy, which shapes the nature of this social interaction. This paper analyzes the intersection between martial arts and empathy and focuses on two interconnected mechanisms associated with both: physical contact and interpersonal synchronization. Physical contact is inherent to all martial arts practices, including grappling, sparring, and partner drills, which engage affective somatosensory touch pathways that are related to empathy. In parallel, interpersonal synchronization stemming from coordinated movement and leading-following dynamics enhances sensorimotor alignment, which is also associated with empathy. By analyzing the shared neurophysiological mechanisms between martial arts practice methodologies and empathy, this paper proposes a model that integrates related neural networks and molecular players that together define a unique neurophysiological "martial arts empathy signature." Furthermore, by suggesting that empathy can be developed as a transferable skill, and given the regulated and safe social settings martial arts offer, this perspective paper suggests that martial arts practice is an accessible tool for promoting empathy and improving our lives as individuals and societies.